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  1. Selye H: Forty years of stress research: principal remaining problems and misconceptions. Can Med Assoc J 1976, 115:53–56
  2. Welch WJ: Mammalian stress response: cell physiology, structure/ function of stress proteins, and implications for medicine and disease. Physiol Rev 1992, 72:1063–1081
  3. Pacak K, Palkovits M: Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: implications for stress-related disorders. Endocrine Rev 2001, 22:502–548
  4. Webster JI, Tonelli L, Sternberg EM: Neuroendocrine regulation of immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2002, 20:125–163
  5. Lewin GR: Neurotrophins and the specification of neuronal phenotype. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1996, 351:405–411
  6. Ansel JC, Armstrong CA, Song I, Quinlan KL, Olerud JE, Caughman SW, Bunnett NW: Interactions of the skin and nervous system. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1997, 2:23–26
  7. Slominski A, Wortsman J: Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocrine Rev 2000, 21:457–487
  8. Luger TA, Scholzen T, Brzoska T, Becher E, Slominski A, Paus R: 711 Stress and the Hair Follicle AJP March 2003, Vol. 162, No. 3 Cutaneous immunomodulation and coordination of skin stress responses by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998, 840:381–394
  9. Slominski AT, Botchkarev V, Choudhry M, Fazal N, Fechner K, Furkert J, Krause E, Roloff B, Sayeed M, Wei E, Zbytek B, Zipper J, Wortsman J, Paus R: Cutaneous expression of CRH and CRH-R. Is there a “skin stress response system?” Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 885:287–311
  10. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Luger T, Paus R, Solomon S: Corticotropin releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin involvement in the cutaneous response to stress. Physiol Rev 2000, 80:979–1020
  11. Roloff B, Fechner K, Slominski A, Furkert J, Botchkarev VA, Bulfone- Paus S, Zipper J, Krause E, Paus R: Hair cycle-dependent expression of corticotropin-releasing factor and CRF receptors in murine skin. FASEB J 1998, 12:287–297
  12. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Pisarchik A, Zbytek B, Linton EA, Mazurkiewicz JE, Wei ET: Cutaneous expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin, and CRH receptors. FASEB J 2001, 15: 1678–1693
  13. Paus R, Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Mecklenburg L, Luger T, Slominski A: The skin POMC system (SPS). Leads and lessons from the hair follicle. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 885:350–363
  14. Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Slominski A, Roloff B, Luger T, Paus R: Developmentally regulated expression of alpha-MSH and MC-1 receptor in C57BL/6 mouse skin suggests functions beyond pigmentation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 885:433–439
  15. Grando SA: Biological functions of keratinocyte cholinergic receptors. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1997, 2:41–48
  16. Slominski A, Botchkareva NV, Botchkarev VA, Chakraborty A, Luger T, Uenalan M, Paus R: ACTH production in C57BL/6 mouse skin. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 885:448–450
  17. Slominski A, Botchkareva NV, Botchkarev VA, Chakraborty A, Luger T, Uenalan M, Paus R: Hair cycle-dependent production of ACTH in mouse skin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998, 1448:147–152
  18. Kimyai-Asadi A, Usman A: The role of psychologic stress in skin disease. J Cutan Med Surg 2001:140–145
  19. Scholzen T, Armstrong CA, Bunnett NW, Luger TA, Olerud JE, Ansel JC: Neuropeptides in the skin: interactions between the neuroendocrine and the skin immune systems. Exp Dermatol 1998, 7:81–96
  20. Schallreuter KU: Epidermal adrenergic signal transduction as part of the neuronal network in the human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1997, 2:37–40
  21. Misery L: The neuro-immuno-cutaneous system and ultraviolet radiation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2000, 16:78–81
  22. Scholzen TE, Brzoska T, Kalden DH, O’Reilly F, Armstrong CA, Luger TA, Ansel JC: Effect of ultraviolet light on the release of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine hormones in the skin: mediators of photodermatitis and cutaneous inflammation. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1999, 4:55–60
  23. Paus R: Control of the hair cycle and hair diseases as cycling disorders. Curr Opin Dermatol 1996, 3:248–258
  24. Paus R, Cotsarelis G: The biology of hair follicles. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:491–498
  25. Stenn KS, Paus R: Control of hair follicle cycling. Physiol Rev 2001, 81:449–494
  26. Botchkarev VA, Kishimoto J: Molecular control of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during the hair follicle cycling. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc (in press)
  27. Paus R, Peters EM, Eichmuller S, Botchkarev VA: Neural mechanisms of hair growth control. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1997, 2:61–68
  28. Paus R, Maurer M, Slominski A, Czarnetzki BM: Mast cell involvement in murine hair growth. Dev Biol 1994, 163:230–240
  29. Maurer M, Fischer E, Handjiski B, von Stebut E, Algermissen B, Bavandi A, Paus R: Activated skin mast cells are involved in murine hair follicle regression (catagen). Lab Invest 1997, 77:319–332
  30. Paus R, Handjiski B, Czarnetzki BM, Eichmu¨ ller S: A murine model for inducing and manipulating hair follicle regression (catagen): effects of dexamethasone and cyclosporin A. J Invest Dermatol 1994, 103: 143–147
  31. Botchkarev VA, Eichmu¨ller S, Johansson O, Paus R: Hair cycledependent plasticity of skin and hair follicle innervation in normal murine skin. J Comp Neurol 1997, 386:379–395
  32. Botchkarev VA, Peters EM, Botchkareva NV, Maurer M, Paus R: Hair cycle-dependent changes in adrenergic skin innervation, and hair growth modulation by adrenergic drugs. J Invest Dermatol 1999, 113:878–887
  33. Peters EM, Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Tobin DJ, Paus R: Haircycle- associated remodeling of the peptidergic innervation of murine skin, and hair growth modulation by neuropeptides. J Invest Dermatol 2001, 116:236–245
  34. Hordinsky M, Ericson M, Snow D, Boeck C, Lee WS: Peribulbar innervation and substance P expression following nonpermanent injury to the human scalp hair follicle. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1999, 4:316–319
  35. Cotsarelis G, Sun TT, Lavker RM: Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge area of pilosebaceous unit: implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis. Cell 1990, 61:1329–1337
  36. Cotsarelis G, Kaur P, Dhouailly D, Hengge U, Bickenbach J: Epithelial stem cells in the skin: definition, markers, localization and functions. Exp Dermatol 1999, 8:80–88
  37. Cotsarelis G, Millar SE: Towards a molecular understanding of hair loss and its treatment. Trends Mol Med 2001, 7:293–301
  38. Paus R, Heinzelmann T, Schultz KD, Furkert J, Fechner K, Czarnetzki BM: Hair growth induction by substance P. Lab Invest 1994, 71:134–140
  39. Fundin BT, Rice FL, Ernfors P: Patterned gene programs and target remodeling following axotomy at a major site for sensory innervation. J Neurobiol 2002, 53:370–380
  40. Thies W: U¨ber die Morphologie des vegetativen Nervensystems in der menschlichen Haut nebst Untersuchung u¨ber neuropathologische Vera¨nderungen bei verschiedenen Hautkrankheiten. VI Mitteilung Alopecia areata Z Haut Geschlechtskr 1960, 28:47–52
  41. Hordinsky MK, Ericson ME: Relationship between follicular nerve supply and alopecia. Dermatol Clin 1996, 14:651–660
  42. Katsarou-Katsari A, Singh LK, Theoharides TC: Alopecia areata and affected skin CRH receptor upregulation induced by acute emotional stress. Dermatology 2001, 203:157–161
  43. Weigand DA: Alopecias—diagnostic and pathogenetic considerations. Nebr State Med J 1969, 54:26–37
  44. Helm TN: Evaluation of alopecia. JAMA 1995, 273:897–898 45. Spencer LV, Callen JP: Hair loss in systemic disease. Dermatol Clin 1987, 5:565–570
  45. Gauthier Y: Stress and skin: experimental approach. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1996, 44:882–887
  46. Arck PC, Handjiski B, Hagen E, Joachim R, Klapp BF, Paus R: Indications for a ‘brain-hair follicle axis (BHA)’: inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation and up-regulation of keratinocyte apoptosis in telogen hair follicles by stress and substance P. FASEB J 2001, 15:2536–2538
  47. Arck PC, Handjiski B, Peters EMJ, Peter AS, Hagen E, Fisher A, Klapp BF, Paus R: Stress inhibits hair growth in mice by induction of premature catagen development and deleterious perifollicular inflammatory events via neuropeptide substance P-dependent pathways. Am J Pathol 2003, 162:803–814
  48. Botchkarev VA, Eichmuller S, Peters EM, Pietsch P, Johansson O, Maurer M, Paus R: A simple immunofluorescence technique for simultaneous visualization of mast cells and nerve fibers reveals selectivity and hair cycle—dependent changes in mast cell-nerve fiber contacts in murine skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1997, 289:292–302
  49. Ansel JC, Kaynard AH, Armstrong CA, Olerud J, Bunnett N, Payan D: Skin-nervous system interactions. J Invest Dermatol 1996, 106:198–204
  50. Theoharides TC, Singh LK, Boucher W, Pang X, Letourneau R, Webster E, Chrousos G: Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability, a possible explanation for its pro-inflammatory effects. Endocrinology 1998, 139:403–413
  51. Singh LK, Pang X, Alexacos N, Letourneau R, Theoharides TC: Acute immobilization stress triggers skin mast cell degranulation via corticotropin releasing hormone, neurotensin, and substance P: a link to neurogenic skin disorders. Brain Behav Immun 1999, 13:225–239
 

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